1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
Binocrit
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
1000 IU/0.5 ml : Each ml of solution contains 2000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 16.8 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.5 ml contains 1000 international units (IU) corresponding to 8.4 micrograms epoetin alfa.
2000 IU/1 ml: Each ml of solution contains 2000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 16.8 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 1 ml contains 2000 international units (IU) corresponding to 16.8 micrograms epoetin alfa.
3000 IU/0.3 ml: Each ml of solution contains 10 000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 84.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.3 ml contains 3000 international units (IU) corresponding to 25.2 micrograms epoetin alfa.
4000 IU/0.4 ml: Each ml of solution contains 10 000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 84.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.4 ml contains 4000 international units (IU) corresponding to 33.6 micrograms epoetin alfa.
5000 IU/0.5 ml: Each ml of solution contains 10 000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 84.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.5 ml contains 5000 international units (IU) corresponding to 42.0 micrograms epoetin alfa.
6000 IU/0.6 ml: Each ml of solution contains 10 000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 84.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.6 ml contains 6000 international units (IU) corresponding to 50.4 micrograms epoetin alfa.
7000 IU/0.7 ml: Each ml of solution contains 10 000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 84.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.7 ml contains 7000 international units (IU) corresponding to 58.8 micrograms epoetin alfa.
8000 IU/0.8 ml: Each ml of solution contains 10 000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 84.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.8 ml contains 8000 international units (IU) corresponding to 67.2 micrograms epoetin alfa.
9000 IU/0.9 ml: Each ml of solution contains 10 000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 84.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.9 ml contains 9000 international units (IU) corresponding to 75.6 micrograms epoetin alfa.
Binocrit 10 000 IU/1 ml: Each ml of solution contains 10 000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 84.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 1 ml contains 10 000 international units (IU) corresponding to 84.0 micrograms epoetin alfa.
Binocrit 20,000 IU/0.5 ml: Each ml of solution contains 40,000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 336.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.5 ml contains 20 ,000 international units (IU) corresponding to 168.0 micrograms epoetin alfa
Binocrit 30,000 IU/0.75 ml: Each ml of solution contains 40,000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 336.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 0.75 ml contains 30,000 international units (IU) corresponding to 252.0 micrograms epoetin alfa
Binocrit 40,000 IU/1 ml: Each ml of solution contains 40,000 IU of epoetin alfa* corresponding to 336.0 micrograms per ml. 1 pre-filled syringe of 1 ml contains 40,000 international units (IU) corresponding to 336.0 micrograms epoetin alfa
* Produced in CHO cell line by recombinant DNA technology
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Solution for injection in a pre-filled syringe (injection)
Clear colourless solution
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Treatment of symptomatic anaemia associated with chronic renal failure (CRF) in adult and paediatric patients:
- Treatment of anaemia associated with chronic renal failure in paediatric and adult patients on haemodialysis and adult patients on peritoneal dialysis (See section 4.4).
- Treatment of severe anaemia of renal origin accompanied by clinical symptoms in adult patients with renal insufficiency not yet undergoing dialysis (See section 4.4).
Treatment of anaemia and reduction of transfusion requirements in adult patients receiving chemotherapy for solid tumours, malignant lymphoma or multiple myeloma, and at risk of transfusion as assessed by the patient's general status (e.g. cardiovascular status, pre-existing anaemia at the start of chemotherapy).
Binocrit can be used to increase the yield of autologous blood from patients in a predonation programme. Its use in this indication must be balanced against the reported risk of thromboembolic events. Treatment should only be given to non-iron deficient patients with moderate anaemia (haemoglobin (Hb) 10-13 g/dl (6.2-8.1 mmol/l), if blood saving procedures are not available or insufficient when the scheduled major elective surgery requires a large volume of blood (4 or more units of blood for females or 5 or more units for males).
Binocrit can be used to reduce exposure to allogeneic blood transfusions in adult non-iron deficient patients prior to major elective orthopaedic surgery, having a high perceived risk for transfusion complications. Use should be restricted to patients with moderate anaemia (e.g. Hb 10-13 g/dl or 6.2-8.1 mmol/l) who do not have an autologous predonation programme available and with an expected blood loss of 900 to 1800 ml.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Treatment with Binocrit has to be initiated under the supervision of physicians experienced in the management of patients with the above indications.
Posology
Treatment of symptomatic anaemia in adult and paediatric chronic renal failure patients:
In patients with chronic renal failure the medicinal product has to be administered intravenously (see section 4.4).
Anaemia symptoms and sequelae may vary with age, gender, and overall burden of disease; a physician´s evaluation of the individual patient´s clinical course and condition is necessary.
The haemoglobin concentration aimed for is between 10 and 12 g/dl (6.2-7.5 mmol/l) in adults, and between 9.5 and 11 g/dl (5.9-6.8 mmol/l) in paediatric patients.
A sustained haemoglobin level of greater than 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l) should be avoided. If the haemoglobin is rising by more than 2 g/dl (1.25 mmol/l) per month, or if the sustained haemoglobin exceeds 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l) reduce the epoetin alfa dose by 25%. If the haemoglobin exceeds 13 g/dl (8.1 mmol/l), discontinue therapy until it falls below 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l) and then reinstitute epoetin alfa therapy at a dose 25% below the previous level.
Due to intra-patient variability, occasional individual haemoglobin values for a patient above and below the desired haemoglobin level may be observed.
Patients should be monitored closely to ensure that the lowest approved dose of epoetin alfa is used to provide adequate control of anaemia and of the symptoms of anaemia.
Iron status should be evaluated prior to and during treatment and iron supplementation administered if necessary. In addition, other causes of anaemia, such as vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, should be excluded before instituting therapy with epoetin alfa. Non response to epoetin alfa therapy may have the following causes: iron, folate, or vitamin B12 deficiency; aluminium intoxication; intercurrent infections; inflammatory or traumatic episodes; occult blood loss; haemolysis, and bone marrow fibrosis of any origin.
Adult haemodialysis patients:
The treatment is divided into two stages:
Correction phase:
50 IU/kg 3 times per week by the intravenous route. When a dose adjustment is necessary, this should be done in steps of at least four weeks. At each step, the increase or reduction in dose should be of 25 IU/kg 3 times per week.
Maintenance phase:
Dose adjustment in order to maintain haemoglobin values at the desired level: Hb between 10 and 12 g/dl (6.2-7.5 mmol/l).
The recommended total weekly dose is between 75 and 300 IU/kg which is administered in doses of 25-100 IU/kg three times per week given by the intravenous route.
The clinical data available suggest that those patients whose initial haemoglobin is very low (< 6 g/dl or < 3.75 mmol/l) may require higher maintenance doses than those whose initial anaemia is less severe (Hb> 8 g/dl or> 5 mmol/l).
Paediatric haemodialysis patients:
The treatment is divided into two stages:
Correction phase:
50 IU/kg 3 times per week by the intravenous route. When a dose adjustment is necessary, this should be done in steps of 25 IU/kg 3 times per week at intervals of at least 4 weeks until the desired goal is achieved.
Maintenance phase:
Dose adjustment in order to maintain haemoglobin values at the desired level: Hb between 9.5 and 11 g/dl (5.9-6.8 mmol/l).
Generally, children under 30 kg require higher maintenance doses than children over 30 kg and adults.
The following maintenance doses were observed in clinical trials after 6 months of treatment:
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The clinical data available suggest that those paediatrics patients whose initial haemoglobin is very low (< 6.8 g/dl or < 4.25 mmol/l) may require higher maintenance doses than those whose initial anaemia is less severe (Hb> 6.8 g/dl or> 4.25 mmol/l).
Adult peritoneal dialysis patients:
The treatment is divided into two stages:
Correction phase:
Starting dose of 50 IU/kg twice a week by the intravenous route.
Maintenance phase:
Dose adjustment in order to maintain haemoglobin values at the desired level: Hb between 10 and 12 g/dl (6.2-7.5 mmol/l). Maintenance dose between 25 and 50 IU/kg twice a week into 2 equal injections.
Adult patients with renal insufficiency not yet undergoing dialysis:
The treatment is divided into two stages:
Correction phase:
Starting dose of 50 IU/kg 3 times per week by the intravenous route, followed if necessary by a dose increase with 25 IU/kg increments (3 times per week) until the desired goal is achieved (this should be done in steps of at least four weeks).
Maintenance phase:
Dose adjustment in order to maintain haemoglobin values at the desired level: Hb between 10 and 12 g/dl (6.2-7.5 mmol/l). Maintenance dose between 17 and 33 IU/kg 3 times per week by the intravenous route.
The maximum dose should not exceed 200 IU/kg 3 times per week.
Treatment of patients with chemotherapy induced anaemia:
Epoetin alfa should be administered by the subcutaneous route to patients with anaemia (e.g. haemoglobin concentration
Due to intra-patient variability, occasional individual haemoglobin values for a patient above and below the desired haemoglobin level may be observed. Haemoglobin variability should be addressed through dose management with consideration for the haemoglobin target range of 10 g/dl (6.2 mmol/l) to 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l). A sustained haemoglobin level of greater than 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l) should be avoided; guidance for appropriate dose adjustment for when haemoglobin values exceeding 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l) are observed are described below.
Patients should be monitored closely to ensure that the lowest approved dose of epoetin alfa is used to provide adequate control of the symptoms of anaemia.
Epoetin alfa therapy should be continued until one month after the end of chemotherapy.
The initial dose is 150 IU/kg given subcutaneously 3 times per week. Alternatively, epoetin alfa can be administered at an initial dose of 450 IU/kg subcutaneously once weekly.
- If haemoglobin has increased by at least 1 g/dl (>0.62 mmol/l) or the reticulocyte count has increased
- If the haemoglobin increase is < 1 g/dl (< 0.62 mmol/l) and the reticulocyte count has increased < 40,000 cells/µl above baseline, increase the dose to 300 IU/kg 3 times per week. If after an additional 4 weeks of therapy at 300 IU/kg 3 times per week, the haemoglobin has increased
The recommended dosing regimen is described in the following diagram:
Dosage adjustment to maintain haemoglobin concentration between 10 g/dl-12 g/dl (6.2-7.5 mmol/l): If the haemoglobin is rising by more than 2 g/dl (1.25 mmol/l) per month, or if the haemoglobin exceeds 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l), the dose should be reduced by approximately 25 to 50%. If the haemoglobin exceeds 13 g/dl (8.1 mmol/l), discontinue therapy until it falls below 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l) and than reinstitute epoetin alfa therapy at a dose 25% below the previous dose.
Adult surgery patients in an autologous predonation programme:
Binocrit should be given by the intravenous route.
At the time of donating blood, Binocrit should be administered after the completion of the blood donation procedure.
Mildly anaemic patients (haematocrit of 33-39%) requiring predeposit of
All patients being treated with Binocrit should receive adequate iron supplementation (e.g. 200 mg oral elemental iron daily) throughout the course of treatment. Iron supplementation should be started as soon as possible, even several weeks prior to initiating the autologous predeposit, in order to achieve high iron stores prior to starting Binocrit therapy.
Treatment of adult patients scheduled for major elective orthopaedic surgery:
The subcutaneous route of administration should be used.
The recommended dose is 600 IU/kg epoetin alfa, given once a week for three weeks (days 21, 14 and 7) prior to surgery and on the day of surgery (day 0). In cases where there is a medical need to shorten the lead time before surgery to less than three weeks, 300 IU/kg epoetin alfa should be given daily for 10 consecutive days prior to surgery, on the day of surgery and for four days immediately thereafter. When performing haematologic assessments during the preoperative period, if the haemoglobin level reaches 15 g/dl (9.38 mmol/l), or higher, administration of epoetin alfa should be stopped and further doses should not be given.
Care should be taken to ensure that at the outset of the treatment patients are not iron deficient.
All patients being treated with epoetin alfa should receive adequate iron supplementation (e.g. oral iron substitution of 200 mg Fe2+ daily) throughout the course of epoetin alfa treatment. Iron supplementation should be started prior to epoetin alfa therapy, to achieve adequate iron stores.
Method of administration
Binocrit is a sterile but unpreserved product and is for single use only. Administer the amount required. This medicinal product must not be administered by intravenous infusion, or mixed with other medicinal products.
1. Intravenous injection: over at least one to five minutes, depending on the total dose. In haemodialysed patients, a bolus injection may be given during the dialysis session through a suitable venous port in the dialysis line. Alternatively, the injection can be given at the end of the dialysis session via the fistula needle tubing, followed by 10 ml of isotonic saline to rinse the tubing and ensure satisfactory injection of the product into the circulation.
A slower injection is preferable in patients who react to the treatment with “flu-like” symptoms.
2. Subcutaneous injection: a maximum volume of 1 ml at one injection site should generally not be exceeded. In case of larger volumes, more than one site should be chosen for the injection.
The injections are given in the thighs or the anterior abdominal wall.
4.3 Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.
- Patients who develop Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA) following treatment with any erythropoietin should not receive Binocrit or any other erythropoietin (see section 4.4-Pure Red Cell Aplasia).
- Uncontrolled hypertension.
- Patients who for any reason cannot receive adequate antithrombotic prophylaxis.
The use of epoetin alfa in the indication “increasing the yield of autologous blood”is contraindicated in patients with myocardial infarction or stroke in the month preceding treatment, unstable angina pectoris, increased risk of deep venous thrombosis such as history of venous thromboembolic disease.
The use of epoetin alfa in patients scheduled for major elective orthopaedic surgery and not participating in an autologous blood predonation programme is contraindicated in patients with severe coronary, peripheral arterial, carotid or cerebral vascular disease, including patients with recent myocardial infarction or cerebral vascular accident.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
General
In all patients receiving epoetin alfa, blood pressure should be closely monitored and controlled as necessary. Epoetin alfa should be used with caution in the presence of untreated, inadequately treated or poorly controllable hypertension. It may be necessary to add or increase antihypertensive treatment. If blood pressure cannot be controlled, epoetin alfa treatment should be discontinued.
Epoetin alfa should be used with caution in the presence of epilepsy and chronic liver failure.
Chronic renal failure and cancer patients on epoetin alfa should have haemoglobin levels measured on a regular basis until a stable level is achieved, and periodically thereafter.
In all patients, haemoglobin levels should be closely monitored due to a potential increased risk of thromboembolic events and fatal outcomes when patients are treated at haemoglobin levels above the target for the indication of use.
There may be a moderate dose-dependent rise in the platelet count within the normal range during treatment with epoetin alfa. This regresses during the course of continued therapy. It is recommended that the platelet count is regularly monitored during the first 8 weeks of therapy.
All other causes of anaemia (iron deficiency, haemolysis, blood loss, vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies) should be considered and treated prior to initiating therapy with epoetin alfa. In most cases, the ferritin values in the serum fall simultaneously with the rise in packed cell volume. In order to ensure optimum response to epoetin alfa, adequate iron stores should be assured:
- iron supplementation, e.g. 200-300 mg Fe2+/day orally (100 -200 mg Fe2+/day for paediatric patients) is recommended for chronic renal failure patients whose serum ferritin levels are below 100 ng/ml
- oral iron substitution of 200-300 mg Fe2+/day is recommended for all cancer patients whose transferrin saturation is below 20%.
All of these additive factors of anaemia should also be carefully considered when deciding to increase the dose of epoetin alfa in cancer patients.
Good blood management practices should always be used in the perisurgical setting.
In order to improve the traceability of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), the trade name of the administered ESA should be clearly recorded (or stated) in the patient file.
Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)
Antibody-mediated PRCA has been very rarely reported after months to years of subcutaneous erythropoietin treatment. In patients developing sudden lack of efficacy defined by a decrease in haemoglobin (1 to 2 g/dl or 0.62 to 1.25 mmol/l per month) with increased need for transfusions, a reticulocyte count should be obtained and typical causes of non-response (e.g. iron, folate or , vitamin B12 deficiency, aluminium intoxication, infection or inflammation, blood loss and haemolysis) should be investigated.
If the reticulocyte count corrected for anaemia (i.e., the reticulocyte “index”) is low (< 20,000/mm3 or < 20,000/microlitre or < 0.5%), platelet and white blood cell counts are normal, and if no other cause of loss of effect has been found, anti-erythropoietin antibodies should be determined and bone marrow examination should be considered for diagnosis of PRCA.
If anti-erythropoietin, antibody-mediated PRCA is suspected, therapy with Binocrit should be discontinued immediately. No other erythropoietic therapy should be commenced because of the risk of cross-reaction. Appropriate therapy such as blood transfusions may be given to patients when indicated.
A paradoxical decrease in haemoglobin and development of severe anaemia associated with low reticulocyte counts should prompt to discontinue treatment with epoetin and perform anti-erythropoietin antibody testing. Cases have been reported in patients with hepatitis C treated with interferon and ribavirin, when epoetins are used concomitantly. Epoetins are not approved in the management of anaemia associated with hepatitis C.
Chronic renal failure patients
Immunogenicity data for subcutaneous use of Binocrit in patients at risk for antibody-induced PRCA, i.e. patients with renal anaemia, are not sufficient. Therefore, in patients with renal anaemia the medicinal product has to be administered intravenously.
In chronic renal failure patients the rate of increase in haemoglobin should be approximately 1 g/dl (0.62 mmol/l) per month and should not exceed 2 g/dl (1.25 mmol/l) per month to minimise risks of an increase in hypertension.
In patients with chronic renal failure, maintenance haemoglobin concentration should not exceed the upper limit of the target haemoglobin concentration recommended in section 4.2. In clinical trials, an increased risk of death and serious cardiovascular events was observed when erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) were administered to target a haemoglobin of greater than 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l).
Controlled clinical trials have not shown significant benefits attributable to the administration of epoetins when haemoglobin concentration is increased beyond the level necessary to control symptoms of anaemia and to avoid blood transfusion.
Shunt thromboses have occurred in haemodialysis patients, especially in those who have a tendency to hypotension or whose arteriovenous fistulae exhibit complications (e.g. stenoses, aneurysms, etc.). Early shunt revision and thrombosis prophylaxis by administration of acetylsalicylic acid, for example, is recommended in these patients.
Hyperkalaemia has been observed in isolated cases. Correction for anaemia may lead to increased appetite, and potassium and protein intake. Dialysis prescriptions may have to be adjusted periodically to maintain urea, creatinine and potassium in the desired range. Serum electrolytes should be monitored in chronic renal failure patients. If an elevated (or rising) serum potassium level is detected then consideration should be given to ceasing epoetin alfa administration until hyperkalaemia has been corrected.
An increase in heparin dose during haemodialysis is frequently required during the course of therapy with epoetin alfa as a result of the increased packed cell volume. Occlusion of the dialysis system is possible if heparinisation is not optimum.
Based on information available to date, correction of anaemia with epoetin alfa in adult patients with renal insufficiency not yet undergoing dialysis does not accelerate the rate of progression of renal insufficiency.
Adult cancer patients with symptomatic anaemia receiving chemotherapy
Erythropoietins are growth factors that primarily stimulate red blood cell production. Erythropoietin receptors may be expressed on the surface of a variety of tumour cells. As with all growth factors, there is a concern that epoetins could stimulate the growth of tumours. In several controlled studies, epoetins have not been shown to improve overall survival or decrease the risk of tumour progression in patients with anaemia associated with cancer.
In controlled clinical studies, use of epoetin alfa and other ESAs have shown:
- decreased locoregional control in patients with advanced head and neck cancer receiving radiation therapy when administered to target a haemoglobin of greater than 14 g/dl (8.7 mmol/l),
- shortened overall survival and increased deaths attributed to disease progression at 4 months in patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving chemotherapy when administered to target a haemoglobin of 12-14 g/dl (7.5-8.7 mmol/l),
- increased risk of death when administered to target a haemoglobin of 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l) in patients with active malignant disease receiving neither chemotherapy nor radiation therapy. ESAs are not indicated for use in this patient population.
In view of the above, in some clinical situations blood transfusions should be the preferred treatment for the management of anaemia in patients with cancer. The decision to administer recombinant erythropoietins should be based on a benefit-risk assessment with the participation of the individual patient, which should also take into account the specific clinical context. Factors that should be considered in this assessment should include the type of tumour and its stage; the degree of anaemia; life-expectancy; the environment in which the patient is being treated; and patient preference (see section 5.1).
In cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, the 2 to 3 week delay between epoetin alfa administration and the appearance of erythropoietin-induced red cells should be taken into account when assessing if epoetin alfa therapy is appropriate (patient at risk of being transfused).
In order to minimise the risk for thrombotic events the haemoglobin level and rate of increase should not exceed the haemoglobin limits detailed in section 4.2.
As an increased incidence of thrombotic vascular events (TVEs) has been observed in cancer patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (see section 4.8), this risk should be carefully weighed against the benefit to be derived from treatment (with epoetin alfa) particularly in cancer patients with an increased risk of thrombotic vascular events, such as obesity and patients with a prior history of TVEs (e.g. deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism). An investigational study (BEST study) in women with metastatic breast cancer was designed to determine whether epoetin alfa treatment that extended beyond the correction of anaemia could improve treatment outcomes. In that study the incidence of fatal thromboembolic events was higher in patients receiving epoetin alfa than in those receiving placebo (see section 5.1).
Adult surgery patients in an autologous predonation programme
All special warnings and precautions associated with autologous predonation programmes, especially routine volume replacement, should be respected.
Patients scheduled for major elective orthopaedic surgery
In patients scheduled for major elective orthopaedic surgery the cause of anaemia should be established and treated, if possible, before the start of epoetin alfa treatment. Thrombotic events can be a risk in this population and this possibility should be carefully weighed against the benefit to be derived from the treatment in this patient group.
Patients scheduled for major elective orthopaedic surgery should receive adequate antithrombotic prophylaxis, as thrombotic and vascular events may occur in surgical patients, especially in those with underlying cardiovascular disease. In addition, special precaution should be taken in patients with predisposition for development of deep vein thrombosis (DVTs). Moreover, in patients with a baseline haemoglobin of> 13 g/dl (> 8.1 mmol/l), the possibility that epoetin alfa treatment may be associated with an increased risk of postoperative thrombotic/vascular events cannot be excluded. Therefore, it should not be used in patients with baseline haemoglobin> 13 g/dl (> 8.1 mmol/l).
Excipients
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per pre-filled syringe, i.e. essentially “sodium-free”.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
There is no evidence that treatment with epoetin alfa alters the metabolism of other medicinal products.
However, since cyclosporin is bound by red blood cells there is potential for an interaction. If epoetin alfa is given concomitantly with cyclosporin, blood levels of cyclosporin should be monitored and the dose of cyclosporin adjusted as the haematocrit rises.
There is no evidence for an interaction between epoetin alfa and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with regard to haematological differentiation or proliferation of tumour biopsy specimens in vitro.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies with epoetin alfa in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
Consequently:
- In chronic renal failure patients, Binocrit should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the foetus.
- In pregnant or lactating surgical patients participating in an autologous blood predonation programme, the use of epoetin alfa is not recommended.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Binocrit has no influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
General
In cancer patients and in chronic renal failure patients the most frequent adverse reaction during treatment with epoetin alfa is a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure or aggravation of existing hypertension. Monitoring of the blood pressure should be performed, particularly at the start of therapy (see section 4.4). Other common adverse reactions observed in clinical trials of epoetin alfa are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, seizures, diarrhoea, nausea, headache, influenza like illness, pyrexia, rash, and vomiting. Influenza like illness including headaches, arthralgia, myalgia, and pyrexia may occur especially at the start of treatment. Frequencies may vary depending on the indication (see table below).
Serious adverse drug reactions include venous and arterial thromboses and embolism (including some with fatal outcomes), such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, arterial thrombosis (including myocardial infarction and myocardial ischaemia), retinal thrombosis, and shunt thrombosis (including dialysis equipment). Additionally, cerebrovascular accidents (including cerebral infarction and cerebral haemorrhage) and transient ischaemic attacks have been reported in clinical trials of epoetin alfa.
Aneurysms have been reported.
Hypersensitivity reactions, including cases of rash, urticaria, anaphylactic reaction, and angioneurotic oedema have been reported.
Hypertensive crisis with encephalopathy and seizures, requiring the immediate attention of a physician and intensive medical care, have occurred also during epoetin alfa treatment in patients with previously normal or low blood pressure. Particular attention should be paid to sudden stabbing migraine-like headaches as a possible warning signal.
Antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia has been very rarely reported (in < 1/10,000 cases per patient year) after months to years of treatment with epoetin alfa (see section 4.4).
The overall safety profile of epoetin alfa was evaluated in 142 subjects with chronic renal failure and in 765 subjects with cancer who participated in placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical registration trials. Adverse drug reactions reported by
Frequencies are defined as: Very common (
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
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1The frequency cannot be estimated from clinical trials
2 Including cases with a fatal outcome.
Chronic renal failure patients
In chronic renal failure patients, haemoglobin levels greater than 12 g/dl (7.5 mmol/l) may be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events, including death (see section 4.4).
Shunt thromboses have occurred in haemodialysis patients, especially in those who have a tendency to hypotension or whose arteriovenous fistulae exhibit complications (e.g. stenoses, aneurysms, etc) (see section 4.4).
Cancer patients
An increased incidence of thromboembolic events has been reported in cancer patients receiving ESAs, including epoetin alfa (see section 4.4).
Surgery patients
In patients scheduled for major elective orthopaedic surgery, with a baseline haemoglobin of 10 to 13 g/dl (6.2-8.1 mmol/l), the incidence of thrombotic/vascular events (most of which were deep vein thrombosis) in the overall patient population of the clinical trials appeared to be similar across the different epoetin alfa dosing groups and placebo group, although the clinical experience is limited.
Moreover, in patients with a baseline haemoglobin of> 13 g/dl (8.1 mmol/l), the possibility that epoetin alfa treatment may be associated with an increased risk of postoperative thrombotic/vascular events cannot be excluded.
4.9 Overdose
The therapeutic margin of epoetin alfa is very wide. Overdose of epoetin alfa may produce effects that are extensions of the pharmacological effects of the hormone (critical increase of haemoglobin or haematocrit levels). Phlebotomy may be performed if excessively high haemoglobin or haematocrit levels occur. Additional supportive care should be provided as necessary.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: other antianaemic preparations, ATC code: B03XA01
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein that stimulates, as a mitosis-stimulating factor and differentiating hormone, the formation of erythrocytes from precursors of the stem cell compartment.
The apparent molecular weight of erythropoietin is 32,000 to 40,000 dalton. The protein fraction of the molecule contributes about 58% and consists of 165 amino acids. The four carbohydrate chains are attached via three N-glycosidic bonds and one O-glycosidic bond to the protein. Epoetin alfa obtained by gene technology is glycosylated and is identical in its amino acid and carbohydrate composition to endogenous human erythropoietin that has been isolated from the urine of anaemic patients.
Binocrit has the highest possible purity according to the present state of the art. In particular, no residues of the cell line used for the production are detectable at the concentrations of the active ingredient that are used in humans.
The biological efficacy of epoetin alfa has been demonstrated in various animal models in vivo (normal and anaemic rats, polycythaemic mice). After administration of epoetin alfa, the number of erythrocytes, the Hb values and reticulocyte counts increase as well as the 59Fe-incorporation rate.
An in
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